Haemoptysis is the expectoration (coughing up) of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs (e.g. in tuberculosis or other respiratory infections).

• Malignancy (increased risk of this if male).
• TB.
• Left-side congestive heart failure or mitral stenosis
• Bronchitis, bronchiectasis, mycetoma, aspiration of a foreign-body, PE, pneumonia.
• Vasculitis – usually associated with systemic vasculopathy.
• Bleeding disorders

• Abrupt on set cough with bloody and purulent sputum – possible acute pneumonia or bronchitis.
• Chronic productive cough – possible chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis.
• Fevers, night sweats and weight loss –TB/other infections.
• Anorexia, weight loss and changing cough – possible bronchogenic carcinoma.
• Dyspnoea and mild haemoptysis – renal disease and haematuria.
• Anxiety, dyspnoea and chest pain.